Currently, countries around the world are actively deploying new energy vehicle strategies, particularly in policy design and departmental coordination, which are worth considering and learning from. Electric vehicles will fundamentally change the power and energy supply systems of fuel vehicles by replacing key components such as engines and transmissions with batteries and electric drive systems. Therefore, the electrification technology of automobiles, as a disruptive or alternative technology, has become a strategic consensus among countries and automobile manufacturers around the world. Similar alternative technologies have appeared multiple times in history, such as hydraulic excavation technology replacing mechanical excavation technology, LCD flat panel display technology replacing traditional CRT (cathode ray tube) technology, and digital photography replacing film. It should be pointed out that disruptive technologies often cater to the needs of low-end customers or edge markets with their simplicity, convenience, and low cost. In the early stages of development, disruptive technologies do not compete with mainstream market competitors for users, but focus on establishing themselves in new niche or edge markets. By continuously improving product performance, gradually attracting customers from the mainstream market. Research shows that industries dominated by new technologies can be roughly divided into four stages of development: embryonic stage, introduction stage, rapid development stage, and mature stage. Among them, in the early stages of development, the most important thing is to give new technologies market opportunities and enable them to obtain continuous improvement opportunities in segmented markets. Most developed countries follow this rule. As stipulated by the Federal Communications Commission in the early 1990s, the Internet is a new thing. Too much regulation will kill the new thing and establish several basic principles, including minimum interference, technology neutrality, etc. This has laid a solid foundation for the leading position of the United States in the Internet field today. The development of new energy vehicles has also received strong support from governments around the world. The United States implements a self certification system for both low-speed electric vehicles and gasoline vehicles, which allows small pure electric vehicles to enter the US market more smoothly. In the European Union and Japan, they have lowered the technical requirements for low-speed vehicles in terms of passive safety such as collision protection, and subdivided low-speed electric vehicles into two categories: light and heavy, with different requirements depending on the situation. Seoul, South Korea began allowing low-speed electric vehicles to be tested in 25 designated areas in April 2010, and exempted from tolls during peak traffic hours. At the same time, Seoul's short distance official vehicles will gradually be replaced with low-speed electric vehicles. It is worth noting that in the early stages of emerging technology development, higher standards are not necessarily better. In foreign countries, electric vehicles are generally divided into high-speed electric vehicles and low-speed electric vehicles based on a speed range of 50 kilometers per hour to 70 kilometers per hour. There is a misconception in our country that 'pure electric vehicles should be made in the mid-range or above'. However, due to the immature battery technology at the current stage, even if the government provides high subsidies, rational consumers will still not choose to purchase. At the same time, we have imposed market access restrictions on small low-speed electric vehicles, which actually artificially creates obstacles for the development of new energy vehicles. In fact, China's new energy vehicles are in a transitional stage from the embryonic stage to the introduction stage. Moderately opening up market access, doing a good job in regulation and guidance, and allowing new products and technologies to compete fully should become a consensus in policy-making. Continuing to restrict market access with high standards and thresholds may lead us to miss the best opportunity for the development of the electric vehicle industry.   Furthermore, in order for emerging industries, including new energy vehicles, to achieve development, they need to expand deeply in multiple aspects: Firstly, establish innovative strategic thinking. The first step in developing a revolutionary and disruptive new technology is to establish an innovative strategic thinking perspective. Automakers are gradually realizing that electric vehicles will become a "game changing" milestone in the history of the automotive industry, but it is currently difficult to predict who will become the leader in this industry chain in the future, whether it will be vehicle manufacturers, battery manufacturers, power companies, or providers of new business models. After all, this involves comprehensive factors such as profit models, business models, and sources of core competitiveness in the industry. What the government needs to do is to create a favorable environment for multiple technologies to "compete", and finally let the market select the most suitable technology, although the most suitable does not necessarily mean the most "advanced". Secondly, adopt stimulus measures to promote industrial development. One is to encourage the diversification of technology and products, and provide segmented markets for new technologies. In response to the development needs of the Chinese market, establish standards and regulations for electric vehicles, relax market access, guide technological diversification, product diversification, and business model diversification, and create an innovative and friendly market environment. The second is to formulate government procurement plans and establish a stable domestic market. In the context of globalization, the large-scale domestic market remains an important "springboard" for enterprises to seek entry into new industries or seize new opportunities. The third is to promote the synchronous development of new energy vehicles and smart grids. After the large-scale development of electric vehicles, there will be a significant problem of phasing out batteries, which is a topic that must be planned in advance. In fact, even when large-sized batteries cannot provide power services for cars, they still retain 80% of their energy storage. It can provide reliable backup energy storage facilities for infrastructure such as buildings, and also allow car buyers to recover part of the battery cost through transfer. In short, the global automotive industry is undergoing a strategic transformation, and the next 5 to 10 years will be the golden period for the development of new energy vehicles. China has certain market advantages and technological foundations. If we can seize this historic opportunity, it will have a direct impact on the development of strategic emerging industries and the transformation and upgrading of economic structure.   (The author is Vice Dean of the China Academy of Science and Technology Management and Vice Dean of the School of Economics and Management at Tongji University. Dr. Su Yiyi also made important contributions to this article.)

Electric vehicles are energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and pollution-free, and will become an inevitable trend in the development of automobiles in the future. For electric vehicles, batteries are their main source of power, and there are many types of batteries available. Let's take a look together. Classification of electric vehicle batteries Electric vehicle batteries can be divided into two categories, namely batteries and fuel cells. Batteries are suitable for pure electric vehicles and can be classified into lead-acid batteries, nickel based batteries (nickel hydrogen batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel zinc batteries), sodium sulfur batteries, sodium nickel chloride batteries, secondary lithium batteries, air batteries, and other types. Fuel cells are specialized for fuel cell electric vehicles and can be divided into alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), and other types. 1. Lead acid battery Lead acid batteries have a history of more than 100 years and are widely used as starting power sources for internal combustion engine vehicles. They are also mature batteries for electric vehicles, with good reliability, easy availability of raw materials, low price, and a specific power that can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. However, they have two major disadvantages: low specific energy, large mass and volume, and short driving range on a single charge. The other is short service life and high operating costs. 2. Nickel hydrogen battery Nickel hydrogen batteries belong to alkaline batteries, which have a long cycle life and no memory effect, but are relatively expensive. The foreign companies that produce nickel batteries for electric vehicles are mainly a joint venture between Ovonie, Toyota, and Panasonic. Ovonie currently has two types of unit batteries, 80A · h and 100A · h, with a specific energy of 75-80W · h/kg and a cycle life of over 600 times. This type of battery has been tested on several electric vehicles, and one type of vehicle can travel 345km on a single charge. One vehicle has traveled more than 80000 kilometers in a year. Due to its high price, it has not yet been mass-produced. In China, 55A · h and 100A · h unit batteries have been developed, with a specific energy of 65 W · h/h. Nickel batteries with a power density greater than 800W/kg. 3. Lithium ion battery As a new type of rechargeable battery with high voltage and energy density, lithium-ion secondary batteries for electric vehicles have unique physical and electrochemical properties, which have broad prospects for civilian and defense applications. Their outstanding features are light weight, large energy storage, no pollution, no memory effect, and long service life. Under the same volume and weight conditions, the storage capacity of lithium batteries is 1.6 times that of nickel hydrogen batteries and 4 times that of nickel cadmium batteries. Moreover, humans have only developed and utilized 20% to 30% of their theoretical capacity, which has a very promising development prospect. At the same time, it is a truly green and environmentally friendly battery that will not cause pollution to the environment. It is currently the best battery that can be applied to electric vehicles. China has been developing and utilizing lithium-ion batteries since the 1990s, and has made breakthrough progress by developing lithium-ion batteries with completely independent intellectual property rights. 4. Sodium sulfur battery Sodium sulfur batteries have a high specific energy, with a theoretical specific energy of 760W · h/kg, which is actually greater than 100W · h/kg, 3-4 times that of lead-acid batteries. In addition, they can discharge with high current and high power, and their discharge current density can generally reach 200-300mA/mm2, and they can release three times their inherent energy in an instant. Another advantage is their high charge and discharge efficiency. Due to the use of solid electrolytes, they do not have the self discharge and side reactions commonly found in liquid electrolyte secondary batteries, and their charge and discharge current efficiency is almost 100%. The disadvantages of sodium sulfur batteries are mainly that their working temperature is between 300-350 ℃, so they require certain heating and insulation during operation. However, high temperature corrosion is severe and the battery life is short. High performance vacuum insulation technology has been adopted to effectively solve this problem, but there are also issues such as poor performance stability and safety in use. 5. Nickel cadmium battery The application of nickel cadmium batteries is second only to lead-acid batteries, with a specific energy of 55W · h/kg and a specific power of over 190W/kg. They can be quickly charged and have a longer cycle life, more than twice that of lead-acid batteries, reaching over 2000 cycles. However, their price is 4-5 times that of lead-acid batteries. Although their initial purchase cost is high, their long-term actual usage cost is not high due to their advantages in energy and service life. Its disadvantage is that it has a "memory effect", which can easily lead to a decrease in the available capacity of the battery due to poor charging and discharging. After about ten uses, a complete charge and discharge should be performed. If there is already a "memory effect", it should be continuously charged and discharged 3-5 times to release the memory. In addition, cadmium is toxic, so attention should be paid to recycling during use to avoid environmental pollution caused by cadmium.   Statement: All articles published on this website are from the Internet and do not represent our views

1、 Overview of battery types for smart locks The battery types of smart locks are mainly divided into four types: alkaline batteries, ordinary lithium batteries, button batteries, and rechargeable lithium batteries. Different types of batteries have different performance, service life, and price, so choosing the appropriate battery is crucial for the normal operation of smart locks. 2、 Alkaline battery Alkaline batteries are a widely used type of smart lock battery, with the main advantages of stable performance, long service life, and relatively low price. Generally speaking, alkaline batteries can provide high current to meet the basic operational needs of smart locks. However, the disadvantage of alkaline batteries is that they are bulky and heavy, making them less suitable for scenarios that require frequent battery replacement. In addition, the voltage of alkaline batteries will gradually decrease with increasing usage time, affecting the performance of smart locks. 3、 Ordinary lithium battery Ordinary lithium batteries are a common type of smart lock battery, with the main advantages of small size, light weight, and large capacity. Compared with alkaline batteries, ordinary lithium batteries have a smaller volume, lighter weight, and larger capacity, which can meet the long-term operation needs of smart locks. Meanwhile, the voltage of ordinary lithium batteries is relatively stable and does not gradually decrease with increasing usage time like alkaline batteries. However, the price of ordinary lithium batteries is relatively high and not suitable for price sensitive consumers. 4、 Button battery Button battery is a small and efficient type of smart lock battery, with the main advantages of small size, large capacity, and long service life. Compared with alkaline batteries and ordinary lithium batteries, button batteries have a smaller volume, larger capacity, and longer service life. Meanwhile, the price of button batteries is also relatively moderate, suitable for consumers who have certain price requirements. However, the disadvantage of button batteries is that they can only provide lower current and cannot meet the needs of high-power smart locks. 5、 Rechargeable lithium battery Rechargeable lithium batteries are an environmentally friendly and efficient type of smart lock battery, with the main advantages of being able to be recharged, having a large capacity, and a long service life. Compared to disposable batteries, rechargeable lithium batteries can be recharged and reused, reducing waste generation and environmental impact. Meanwhile, rechargeable lithium batteries have a large capacity, which can meet the long-term operation needs of smart locks. In addition, rechargeable lithium batteries have high energy density and charging efficiency, which can save charging time and cost. However, the price of rechargeable lithium batteries is relatively high and not suitable for price sensitive consumers. 6、 How to choose the appropriate type of smart lock battery? When choosing the appropriate type of smart lock battery, the following factors need to be considered: 1. Power consumption requirements for smart locks: High power smart locks require the use of battery types that can provide high current, such as alkaline batteries or ordinary lithium batteries; Low power smart locks can use button batteries or rechargeable lithium batteries. 2. Replacement frequency: Scenarios with high replacement frequency are suitable for using alkaline batteries or rechargeable lithium batteries; Scenarios with low replacement frequency are suitable for using regular lithium batteries or button batteries. 3. Price factor: If you are price sensitive or have limited budget, you can choose alkaline batteries or ordinary lithium batteries with relatively lower prices; If there are no specific price requirements, you can choose rechargeable lithium batteries or button batteries with better performance. 4. Environmental requirements: If there are requirements for environmental protection or if you want to reduce the impact on the environment, you can choose rechargeable lithium batteries or button batteries; If there are no special requirements for environmental protection, other types of batteries can be chosen. In short, when choosing the type of smart lock battery, it is necessary to comprehensively consider and analyze the actual situation, and choose the most suitable battery type for one's own needs. The content of the article is created by the author, who is responsible for the authenticity, accuracy, and legality of the content.